The verilog assign statement is typically used to continuously drive a signal of wire datatype and gets synthesized as combinational logic. Here are some more design examples using the assign statement.
Example #1 : Simple combinational logic
The code shown below implements a simple digital combinational logic which has an output wire z that is driven continuously with an assign statement to realize the digital equation.
module combo ( input a, b, c, d, e,
output z);
assign z = ((a & b) | (c ^ d) & ~e);
endmodule
The module combo gets elaborated into the following hardware schematic using synthesis tools and can be seen that the combinational logic is implemented with digital gates.
Testbench
The testbench is a platform for simulating the design to ensure that the design does behave as expected. All combinations of inputs are driven to the design module using a for loop with a delay statement of 10 time units so that the new value is applied to the inputs after some time.
module tb;
// Declare testbench variables
reg a, b, c, d, e;
wire z;
integer i;
// Instantiate the design and connect design inputs/outputs with
// testbench variables
combo u0 ( .a(a), .b(b), .c(c), .d(d), .e(e), .z(z));
initial begin
// At the beginning of time, initialize all inputs of the design
// to a known value, in this case we have chosen it to be 0.
a <= 0;
b <= 0;
c <= 0;
d <= 0;
e <= 0;
// Use a $monitor task to print any change in the signal to
// simulation console
$monitor ("a=%0b b=%0b c=%0b d=%0b e=%0b z=%0b",
a, b, c, d, e, z);
// Because there are 5 inputs, there can be 32 different input combinations
// So use an iterator "i" to increment from 0 to 32 and assign the value
// to testbench variables so that it drives the design inputs
for (i = 0; i < 32; i = i + 1) begin
{a, b, c, d, e} = i;
#10;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run a=0 b=0 c=0 d=0 e=0 z=0 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=0 e=1 z=0 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=1 e=0 z=1 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=1 e=1 z=0 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=0 e=0 z=1 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=0 e=1 z=0 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=1 e=0 z=0 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=1 e=1 z=0 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=0 e=0 z=0 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=0 e=1 z=0 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=1 e=0 z=1 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=1 e=1 z=0 a=0 b=1 c=1 d=0 e=0 z=1 a=0 b=1 c=1 d=0 e=1 z=0 a=0 b=1 c=1 d=1 e=0 z=0 a=0 b=1 c=1 d=1 e=1 z=0 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=0 e=0 z=0 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=0 e=1 z=0 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=1 e=0 z=1 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=1 e=1 z=0 a=1 b=0 c=1 d=0 e=0 z=1 a=1 b=0 c=1 d=0 e=1 z=0 a=1 b=0 c=1 d=1 e=0 z=0 a=1 b=0 c=1 d=1 e=1 z=0 a=1 b=1 c=0 d=0 e=0 z=1 a=1 b=1 c=0 d=0 e=1 z=1 a=1 b=1 c=0 d=1 e=0 z=1 a=1 b=1 c=0 d=1 e=1 z=1 a=1 b=1 c=1 d=0 e=0 z=1 a=1 b=1 c=1 d=0 e=1 z=1 a=1 b=1 c=1 d=1 e=0 z=1 a=1 b=1 c=1 d=1 e=1 z=1 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
Example #2: Half Adder
The half adder module accepts two scalar inputs a and b and uses combinational logic to assign the outputs sum and carry bit cout. The sum is driven by an XOR between a and b while the carry bit is obtained by an AND between the two inputs.
module ha ( input a, b,
output sum, cout);
assign sum = a ^ b;
assign cout = a & b;
endmodule
Testbench
module tb;
// Declare testbench variables
reg a, b;
wire sum, cout;
integer i;
// Instantiate the design and connect design inputs/outputs with
// testbench variables
ha u0 ( .a(a), .b(b), .sum(sum), .cout(cout));
initial begin
// At the beginning of time, initialize all inputs of the design
// to a known value, in this case we have chosen it to be 0.
a <= 0;
b <= 0;
// Use a $monitor task to print any change in the signal to
// simulation console
$monitor("a=%0b b=%0b sum=%0b cout=%0b", a, b, sum, cout);
// Because there are only 2 inputs, there can be 4 different input combinations
// So use an iterator "i" to increment from 0 to 4 and assign the value
// to testbench variables so that it drives the design inputs
for (i = 0; i < 4; i = i + 1) begin
{a, b} = i;
#10;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run a=0 b=0 sum=0 cout=0 a=0 b=1 sum=1 cout=0 a=1 b=0 sum=1 cout=0 a=1 b=1 sum=0 cout=1 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
Example #3: Full Adder
A full adder can be built using the half adder module shown above or the entire combinational logic can be applied as is with assign statements to drive the outputs sum and cout.
module fa ( input a, b, cin,
output sum, cout);
assign sum = (a ^ b) ^ cin;
assign cout = (a & b) | ((a ^ b) & cin);
endmodule
Testbench
module tb;
reg a, b, cin;
wire sum, cout;
integer i;
fa u0 ( .a(a), .b(b), .cin(cin), .sum(sum), .cout(cout));
initial begin
a <= 0;
b <= 0;
$monitor("a=%0b b=%0b cin=%0b sum=%0b cout=%0b", a, b, cin, sum, cout);
for (i = 0; i < 7; i = i + 1) begin
{a, b, cin} = i;
#10;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run a=0 b=0 cin=0 sum=0 cout=0 a=0 b=0 cin=1 sum=1 cout=0 a=0 b=1 cin=0 sum=1 cout=0 a=0 b=1 cin=1 sum=0 cout=1 a=1 b=0 cin=0 sum=1 cout=0 a=1 b=0 cin=1 sum=0 cout=1 a=1 b=1 cin=0 sum=0 cout=1 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
Example #4: 2x1 Multiplexer
The simple 2x1 multiplexer uses a ternary operator to decide which input should be assigned to the output c. If sel is 1, output is driven by a and if sel is 0 output is driven by b.
module mux_2x1 (input a, b, sel,
output c);
assign c = sel ? a : b;
endmodule
Testbench
module tb;
// Declare testbench variables
reg a, b, sel;
wire c;
integer i;
// Instantiate the design and connect design inputs/outputs with
// testbench variables
mux_2x1 u0 ( .a(a), .b(b), .sel(sel), .c(c));
initial begin
// At the beginning of time, initialize all inputs of the design
// to a known value, in this case we have chosen it to be 0.
a <= 0;
b <= 0;
sel <= 0;
$monitor("a=%0b b=%0b sel=%0b c=%0b", a, b, sel, c);
for (i = 0; i < 3; i = i + 1) begin
{a, b, sel} = i;
#10;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run a=0 b=0 sel=0 c=0 a=0 b=0 sel=1 c=0 a=0 b=1 sel=0 c=1 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
Example #5: 1x4 Demultiplexer
The demultiplexer uses a combination of sel and f inputs to drive the different output signals. Each output signal is driven by a separate assign statement. Note that the same signal is generally not recommended to be driven by different assign statements.
module demux_1x4 ( input f,
input [1:0] sel,
output a, b, c, d);
assign a = f & ~sel[1] & ~sel[0];
assign b = f & sel[1] & ~sel[0];
assign c = f & ~sel[1] & sel[0];
assign d = f & sel[1] & sel[0];
endmodule
Testbench
module tb;
// Declare testbench variables
reg f;
reg [1:0] sel;
wire a, b, c, d;
integer i;
// Instantiate the design and connect design inputs/outputs with
// testbench variables
demux_1x4 u0 ( .f(f), .sel(sel), .a(a), .b(b), .c(c), .d(d));
// At the beginning of time, initialize all inputs of the design
// to a known value, in this case we have chosen it to be 0.
initial begin
f <= 0;
sel <= 0;
$monitor("f=%0b sel=%0b a=%0b b=%0b c=%0b d=%0b", f, sel, a, b, c, d);
// Because there are 3 inputs, there can be 8 different input combinations
// So use an iterator "i" to increment from 0 to 8 and assign the value
// to testbench variables so that it drives the design inputs
for (i = 0; i < 8; i = i + 1) begin
{f, sel} = i;
#10;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run f=0 sel=0 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=0 f=0 sel=1 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=0 f=0 sel=10 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=0 f=0 sel=11 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=0 f=1 sel=0 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=0 f=1 sel=1 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=0 f=1 sel=10 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=0 f=1 sel=11 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=1 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
Example #6: 4x16 Decoder
module dec_3x8 ( input en,
input [3:0] in,
output [15:0] out);
assign out = en ? 1 << in: 0;
endmodule
Testbench
module tb;
reg en;
reg [3:0] in;
wire [15:0] out;
integer i;
dec_3x8 u0 ( .en(en), .in(in), .out(out));
initial begin
en <= 0;
in <= 0;
$monitor("en=%0b in=0x%0h out=0x%0h", en, in, out);
for (i = 0; i < 32; i = i + 1) begin
{en, in} = i;
#10;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run en=0 in=0x0 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x1 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x2 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x3 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x4 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x5 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x6 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x7 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x8 out=0x0 en=0 in=0x9 out=0x0 en=0 in=0xa out=0x0 en=0 in=0xb out=0x0 en=0 in=0xc out=0x0 en=0 in=0xd out=0x0 en=0 in=0xe out=0x0 en=0 in=0xf out=0x0 en=1 in=0x0 out=0x1 en=1 in=0x1 out=0x2 en=1 in=0x2 out=0x4 en=1 in=0x3 out=0x8 en=1 in=0x4 out=0x10 en=1 in=0x5 out=0x20 en=1 in=0x6 out=0x40 en=1 in=0x7 out=0x80 en=1 in=0x8 out=0x100 en=1 in=0x9 out=0x200 en=1 in=0xa out=0x400 en=1 in=0xb out=0x800 en=1 in=0xc out=0x1000 en=1 in=0xd out=0x2000 en=1 in=0xe out=0x4000 en=1 in=0xf out=0x8000 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
