Some of the main built-in primitives were discussed in the previous article and it would be good to see some practical examples of using simple and, nor and not gates.
Note that in order to write the Verilog code using gates, it is necessary for you to know how to connect the elements. This is very different from a behavioral description in which case the selection and connection of elements is left upto the synthesis tools.
Example #1: 2x1 Multiplexer
Output of module has to be of type wire in order to connect with the output port of a primitive.
module mux_2x1 ( input a, b, sel,
output out);
wire sel_n;
wire out_0;
not (sel_n, sel);
and (out_0, a, sel);
and (out_1, b, sel_n);
or (out, out_0, out_1);
endmodule
module tb;
reg a, b, sel;
wire out;
integer i;
mux_2x1 u0 ( .a(a), .b(b), .sel(sel), .out(out));
initial begin
{a, b, sel} <= 0;
$monitor ("T=%0t a=%0b b=%0b sel=%0b out=%0b", $time, a, b, sel, out);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1) begin
#1 a <= $random;
b <= $random;
sel <= $random;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run T=0 a=0 b=0 sel=0 out=0 T=1 a=0 b=1 sel=1 out=0 T=2 a=1 b=1 sel=1 out=1 T=3 a=1 b=0 sel=1 out=1 T=6 a=0 b=1 sel=0 out=1 T=7 a=1 b=1 sel=0 out=1 T=8 a=1 b=0 sel=0 out=0 T=9 a=0 b=1 sel=0 out=1 T=10 a=1 b=1 sel=1 out=1 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
Full Adder
module fa ( input a, b, cin,
output sum, cout);
wire s1, net1, net2;
xor (s1, a, b);
and (net1, a, b);
xor (sum, s1, cin);
and (net2, s1, cin);
xor (cout, net1, net2);
endmodule
module tb;
reg a, b, cin;
wire sum, cout;
integer i;
fa u0 ( .a(a), .b(b), .cin(cin),
.sum(sum), .cout(cout));
initial begin
{a, b, cin} <= 0;
$monitor ("T=%0t a=%0b b=%0b cin=%0b cout=%0b sum=%0b",
$time, a, b, cin, cout, sum);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1) begin
#1 a <= $random;
b <= $random;
cin <= $random;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run T=0 a=0 b=0 cin=0 cout=0 sum=0 T=1 a=0 b=1 cin=1 cout=1 sum=0 T=2 a=1 b=1 cin=1 cout=1 sum=1 T=3 a=1 b=0 cin=1 cout=1 sum=0 T=6 a=0 b=1 cin=0 cout=0 sum=1 T=7 a=1 b=1 cin=0 cout=1 sum=0 T=8 a=1 b=0 cin=0 cout=0 sum=1 T=9 a=0 b=1 cin=0 cout=0 sum=1 T=10 a=1 b=1 cin=1 cout=1 sum=1 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
2x4 Decoder
module tb;
reg x, y, en;
wire a, b, c, d;
integer i;
dec_2x4 u0 ( .x(x), .y(y), .en(en),
.a(a), .b(b), .c(c), .d(d));
initial begin
{x, y, en} <= 0;
$monitor ("T=%0t x=%0b y=%0b en=%0b a=%0b b=%0b c=%0b d=%0b",
$time, x, y, en, a, b, c, d);
en <= 1;
for (i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1) begin
#1 x <= $random;
y <= $random;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run T=0 x=0 y=0 en=1 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=1 T=1 x=0 y=1 en=1 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=0 T=2 x=1 y=1 en=1 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=0 T=4 x=1 y=0 en=1 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=0 T=5 x=1 y=1 en=1 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=0 T=6 x=0 y=1 en=1 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=0 T=7 x=1 y=0 en=1 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=0 T=10 x=1 y=1 en=1 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=0 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
4x2 Encoder
module enc_4x2 ( input a, b, c, d,
output x, y);
or (x, b, d);
or (y, c, d);
endmodule
module tb;
reg a, b, c, d;
wire x, y;
integer i;
enc_4x2 u0 ( .a(a), .b(b), .c(c), .d(d), .x(x), .y(y));
initial begin
{a, b, c, d} <= 0;
$monitor("T=%0t a=%0b b=%0b c=%0b d=%0b x=%0b y=%0b",
$time, a, b, c, d, x, y);
for (i = 0; i <= 16; i = i+1) begin
#1 {a, b, c, d} <= i;
end
end
endmodule
Simulation Log ncsim> run T=0 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=0 x=0 y=0 T=2 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=1 x=1 y=1 T=3 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=0 x=0 y=1 T=4 a=0 b=0 c=1 d=1 x=1 y=1 T=5 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=0 x=1 y=0 T=6 a=0 b=1 c=0 d=1 x=1 y=1 T=7 a=0 b=1 c=1 d=0 x=1 y=1 T=8 a=0 b=1 c=1 d=1 x=1 y=1 T=9 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=0 x=0 y=0 T=10 a=1 b=0 c=0 d=1 x=1 y=1 T=11 a=1 b=0 c=1 d=0 x=0 y=1 T=12 a=1 b=0 c=1 d=1 x=1 y=1 T=13 a=1 b=1 c=0 d=0 x=1 y=0 T=14 a=1 b=1 c=0 d=1 x=1 y=1 T=15 a=1 b=1 c=1 d=0 x=1 y=1 T=16 a=1 b=1 c=1 d=1 x=1 y=1 T=17 a=0 b=0 c=0 d=0 x=0 y=0 ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
